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that violation.‘‖ Covenant Media of S.C., L.L.C. v. City of N.
Charleston, 493 F.3d 421, 436 (4th Cir. 2007) (quot ing Collins,
503 U.S. at 120).
Even if a court determines that there has been an
underlying constitutional violation committed by a municipal
employee, a municipality‘s liability ―arises only where the
constitutionally offensive actions of employees are taken in
furtherance of some municipal policy or custom.‖ Walker v.
Prince George‘ s Cnty., 575 F.3d 426, 431 (4th Cir. 2009)
(internal quotations omitted). ―Section 1983 plaintiffs seeking
to impose liability on a municipality must, therefo re,
adequately plead and prove the existence of an offi cial policy
or custom that is fairly attributable to the munici pality and
that proximately caused the deprivation of their ri ghts.‖
Jordan by Jordan v. Jackson, 15 F.3d 333, 338 (4th Cir. 1994)
(emphasis added). Furth ermore, a municipality‘s liability
cannot be premised on a theory of respondeat superi or or
vicarious liability , but rather, ―‗ [i]t is only when the
execution of the government's policy or custom . . . inflicts
the injury that the municipality may be held liable under §
1983.‘‖ City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385 (1989)
(quoting Springfield v. Kibbe, 480 U.S. 257, 267 (1 987)
(O'Connor, J., dissenting)) (alteration in original).
Here, Plaintiff advances a § 1983 claim against all Jump to an indexed page (39 of 39)